Electron correlation effects can be qualitatively divided into two classes. The first class is static or non-dynamical correlation: long wavelength low-energy correlations associated with other electron configurations that are nearly as low in energy as the lowest energy configuration. These correlation effects are important for problems such as homolytic bond breaking, and are the hardest to describe because by definition the single configuration Hartree-Fock description is not a good starting point. The second class is dynamical correlation: short wavelength high-energy correlations associated with atomic-like effects. Dynamical correlation is essential for quantitative accuracy, but a reasonable description of static correlation is a prerequisite for a calculation being qualitatively correct.
In the methods discussed in the previous several subsections, the objective was to approximate the total correlation energy. However, in some cases, it is useful to model directly the non-dynamical and dynamical correlation energies separately. The reasons for this are pragmatic: with approximate methods, such a separation can give a more balanced treatment of electron correlation along bond-breaking coordinates, or reaction coordinates that involve diradicaloid intermediates. The non-dynamical correlation energy is conveniently defined as the solution of the Schrödinger equation within a small basis set composed of valence bonding, anti-bonding and lone pair orbitals: the so-called full valence active space. Solved exactly, this is the so-called full valence complete active space SCF (CASSCF),828 or equivalently, the fully optimized reaction space (FORS) method.834
Full valence CASSCF and FORS involve computational complexity which increases exponentially with the number of atoms, and is thus unfeasible beyond systems of only a few atoms, unless the active space is further restricted on a case-by-case basis. Q-Chem includes two relatively economical methods that directly approximate these theories using a truncated coupled-cluster doubles wave function with optimized orbitals.507 They are active space generalizations of the OD and QCCD methods discussed previously in Sections 6.8.3 and 6.8.4, and are discussed in the following two subsections. By contrast with the exponential growth of computational cost with problem size associated with exact solution of the full valence CASSCF problem, these cluster approximations have only 6th-order growth of computational cost with problem size, while often providing useful accuracy.
The full valence space is a well-defined theoretical chemical model. For these active space coupled-cluster doubles methods, it consists of the union of valence levels that are occupied in the single determinant reference, and those that are empty. The occupied levels that are to be replaced can only be the occupied valence and lone pair orbitals, whose number is defined by the sum of the valence electron counts for each atom (i.e., 1 for H, 2 for He, 1 for Li, etc..). At the same time, the empty virtual orbitals to which the double substitutions occur are restricted to be empty (usually anti-bonding) valence orbitals. Their number is the difference between the number of valence atomic orbitals, and the number of occupied valence orbitals given above. This definition (the full valence space) is the default when either of the “valence” active space methods are invoked (VOD or VQCCD)
There is also a second useful definition of a valence active space, which we shall call the 1:1 or perfect pairing active space. In this definition, the number of occupied valence orbitals remains the same as above. The number of empty correlating orbitals in the active space is defined as being exactly the same number, so that each occupied orbital may be regarded as being associated 1:1 with a correlating virtual orbital. In the water molecule, for example, this means that the lone pair electrons as well as the bond-orbitals are correlated. Generally the 1:1 active space recovers more correlation for molecules dominated by elements on the right of the periodic table, while the full valence active space recovers more correlation for molecules dominated by atoms to the left of the periodic table.
If you wish to specify either the 1:1 active space as described above, or some other choice of active space based on your particular chemical problem, then you must specify the numbers of active occupied and virtual orbitals. This is done via the standard “window options”, documented earlier in this Chapter.
Finally we note that the entire discussion of active spaces here leads only to specific numbers of active occupied and virtual orbitals. The orbitals that are contained within these spaces are optimized by minimizing the trial energy with respect to all the degrees of freedom previously discussed: the substitution amplitudes, and the orbital rotation angles mixing occupied and virtual levels. In addition, there are new orbital degrees of freedom to be optimized to obtain the best active space of the chosen size, in the sense of yielding the lowest coupled-cluster energy. Thus rotation angles mixing active and inactive occupied orbitals must be varied until the energy is stationary. Denoting inactive orbitals by primes and active orbitals without primes, this corresponds to satisfying
| (6.40) |
Likewise, the rotation angles mixing active and inactive virtual orbitals must also be varied until the coupled-cluster energy is minimized with respect to these degrees of freedom:
| (6.41) |