The PP and CCVB models are potential replacements for HF theory as a zero order description of electronic structure and can be used as a starting point for perturbation theory. They neglect all correlations that involve electron configurations with one or more orbitals that are outside the active space. Physically this means that the so-called “dynamic correlations”, which correspond to atomic-like correlations involving high angular momentum virtual levels are neglected. Therefore, the GVB models may not be very accurate for describing energy differences that are sensitive to this neglected correlation energy, e.g., atomization energies. It is desirable to correct them for this neglected correlation in a way that is similar to how the HF reference is corrected via MP2 perturbation theory.
For this purpose, the leading (second-order) correction to the PP model, termed PP(2),83 has been formulated and efficiently implemented for restricted and unrestricted orbitals (energy only). PP(2) improves upon many of the worst failures of MP2 theory (to which it is analogous), such as for open shell radicals. PP(2) also greatly improves relative energies relative to PP itself. PP(2) is implemented using a resolution of the identity (RI) approach to keep the computational cost manageable. This cost scales in the same 5th-order way with molecular size as RI-MP2, but with a pre-factor that is about 5 times larger. It is therefore vastly cheaper than CCSD or CCSD(T) calculations which scale with the 6th and 7th powers of system size respectively. PP(2) calculations are requested with CORRELATION = PP(2). Since the only available algorithm uses auxiliary basis sets, it is essential to also provide a valid value for AUX_BASIS to have a complete input file.
The example below shows a PP(2) input file for the challenging case of the N2 molecule with a stretched bond. For this reason a number of the non-standard options discussed in Sec. 6.16.1 and Sec. 6.16.4 for orbital convergence are enabled here. First, this case is an unrestricted calculation on a molecule with an even number of electrons, and so it is essential to break the alpha/beta spin symmetry in order to find an unrestricted solution. Second, we have chosen to leave the lone pairs uncorrelated, which is accomplished by specifying GVB_N_PAIRS.
Example 6.32 A non-standard PP(2) calculation. UPP(2) for stretched N2 with only 3 correlating pairs Try Boys localization scheme for initial guess.
$molecule
0 1
N
N 1 1.65
$end
$rem
UNRESTRICTED true
CORRELATION pp(2)
EXCHANGE hf
BASIS cc-pvdz
AUX_BASIS rimp2-cc-pvdz must use RI with PP(2)
SCF_GUESS_MIX 10 mix SCF guess 100{\%}
GVB_GUESS_MIX 25 mix GVB guess 25{\%} also!
GVB_N_PAIRS 3 correlate only 3 pairs
GVB_ORB_CONV 6 tighter convergence
GVB_LOCAL 1 use Boys initial guess
$end